Asian Journal of Surgery
Volume 34, Issue 3 , Pages 103-110 , July 2011

Blunt adrenal gland trauma in the pediatric population

Received 27 January 2011 ,Revised 5 April 2011 ,Accepted 14 April 2011.

References 

  1. Kobayashi T, Uenoyama S, Miura K, et al. Idiopathic unilateral adrenal hematoma: report of a case. Surg Today. 2004;34:279–282
  2. Schwarz M, Horev G, Freud E, et al. Traumatic adrenal injury in children. IMAJ. 2000;2:132–134
  3. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Injury Fact Book 2000–2002. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2001;
  4. DeRoux S, Prenderast N. Adrenal lacerations in child abuse: a marker of severe trauma. Pediatr Surg Int. 2000;16:121–123
  5. Roupakias S, Tsikopoulos G, Stefanidis C, et al. Isolated double gastric rupture caused by blunt abdominal trauma in an eighteen months old child: a case report. Hippokratia. 2008;12:50–52
  6. Stawicki SP, Hoey BA, Grossman MD, et al. Adrenal gland trauma is associated with high injury severity and mortality. Curr Surg. 2003;60:431–436
  7. Abakumov MM, Smoliar AN, Barmina TG, et al. Adrenal injury in blunt abdominal trauma. Khirurgiia (Mosk). 2009;2:4–11
  8. Canton E. Apoplexy of the suprarenal capsule. Trans Pathol Soc Lond. 1863;14:257
  9. Gomez RG, McAninch JW, Carroll PR. Adrenal gland trauma: diagnosis and management. J Trauma. 1993;35:1135–1137
  10. Rammelt S, Mucha D, Amlang M, et al. Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in blunt abdominal trauma. J Trauma. 2000;48:332–335
  11. Sevitt S. Posttraumatic adrenal apoplexy. J Clin Pathol. 1995;8:185–194
  12. Iuchtman M, Breitgand A. Traumatic adrenal hemorrhage in children: an indicator of visceral injury. Pediatr Surg Int. 2000;16:586–588
  13. Gabal-Shehab L, Alagiri M. Traumatic adrenal injuries. J Urol. 2005;173:1330–1331
  14. Vella A, Nippoldt TB, Morris JS. Adrenal hemorrhage: a 25 years experience at the Mayo clinic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:161–168
  15. Mehragin R, Derweesh HI, Kincade CM, et al. Adrenal trauma: Elvis Presley Memorial trauma center experience. Urology. 2007;70:851–855
  16. Sivit CJ, Ingram JD, Taylor GA, et al. Posttraumatic adrenal hemorrhage in children: CT findings in 34 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158:1299–1302
  17. Rana IA, Kanney JP, Lockhart EM, et al. Adrenal gland hematomas in trauma patients. Radiology. 2004;230:669–675
  18. Burks DW, Mirvis SE, Shamuganathan K. Acute adrenal injury after blunt abdominal trauma: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158:503–507
  19. Pinto A, Scaglione M, Guidi G, et al. Role of multidetector row computed tomography in the assessment of adrenal gland injuries. Eur J Radiol. 2006;59:355–358
  20. The child with abdominal injury. In:  Macway-Jones K,  Molyneux E,  Phillips B,  Wieteska S editor. Advanced Paediatric Life Support: the Practical Approach. 4th ed.. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2005;p. 175–178
  21. Williams LH. Adrenal gland. In:  Oldham TK,  Colombani MP,  Foglia PR,  Skinner AM editor. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Surgery. 4th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005;p. 655–669
  22. Ikeda O, Urata J, Araki Y, et al. Acute adrenal hemorrhage after blunt trauma. Abdom Imaging. 2007;32:248–252
  23. Soundappan SVS, Lam HA, Cass TD. Traumatic adrenal haemorrhage in children. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76:729–731
  24. Nimkin K, Teeger S, Wallach TM, et al. Adrenal hemorrhage in abused children: imaging and postmortem findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:661–663
  25. Westra SJ, Zaninivic AC, Hall TR, et al. Imaging of the adrenal gland in children. Radiographics. 1994;14:1323–1340
  26. Chen KT, Lin TY, Foo NP, et al. Traumatic adrenal haematoma: a condition rarely recognised in the emergency department. Injury. 2007;38(5):584–587
  27. Haftel AJ, Lev R, Mahour GH, et al. Abdominal CT scanning in pediatric blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:684–689
  28. PHTLS-Basic and Advanced Prehospital Trauma Life Support. Associaton of Emergency Medical Technicians and Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons. Trauma kineamatic (2nd Greek ed.). 2003;26–61.
  29. Daoudi Y, Langlois E, Muller JM, et al. Management of post-traumatic isolated adrenal haematoma. Ann Chir. 2006;131:511–513
  30. Ortu M, Vaccarezza M, Trovati S, et al. A martial arts injury: karate induced unilateral haematoma of the adrenal gland. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:730–731
  31. Asensio AJ, Rojo E, Roldan G, et al. Isolated adrenal gland injury from penetrating trauma. J Trauma. 2003;54:364–365
  32. Guichelaar M, Leenen L, Braams R. Transient adrenocortical insufficiency following traumatic bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2004;56:1135–1137
  33. Francque SM, Schwagten VM, Ysebaert DK, et al. Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage and acute adrenal insufficiency in a blunt abdominal trauma: a case report and literature review. Eur J Emerg Med. 2004;11:164–167
  34. Baccot S, Tiffet O, Bonnot P, et al. Bilateral posttraumatic adrenal hemorrhage: case report of a patient with acute adrenal insufficiency. Ann Chir. 2000;125:273–275
  35. Udobi KF, Childs EW. Adrenal crisis after traumatic bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2001;51:597–600
  36. Chin R. Adrenal crisis. Crit Care Clin. 1991;7:23–42
  37. Schmidt J, Mohr VD, Metzger P, et al. Posttraumatic hypertension secondary to adrenal hemorrhage mimicking pheochromocytoma: case report. J Trauma. 1999;46:973–975
  38. Brueckner M, During M. Traumatic hematoma of adrenal gland simulating pheochromocytoma. A case report. Unfallchirurgie. 1992;18:311–314
  39. In:  Raine PAM,  Azmy AAF editor. 1st ed.. Surgical Emergencies in Children: A Practical Guide. 50:Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994;
  40. Pinto A, Scaglione M, Pinto F, et al. Adrenal injuries: spectrum of CT findings. Emerg Radiol. 2003;10:30–33
  41. Arena F, Romeo C, Manganaro A, et al. Bilateral neonatal adrenal abscess. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Med Chir. 2003;25:185–189
  42. Roupakias S, Papoutsakis M, Tsikopoulos G. Adrenal Injuries Following Blunt Abdominal Trauma in Children: Report of 2 Cases. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2011; in press.
  43. Hoeffel C, Legmann P, Luton JP, et al. Spontaneous unilateral adrenal hematomas. 10 cases. Presse Med. 1994;23:1023–1026
  44. Hosono S, Fujii Y, Yamashita T, et al. A case of asymptomatic adrenal hematoma which progressively enlarged during follow up. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2004;50:617–620
  45. Oto A, Ozgen B, Akhan O, et al. Delayed posttraumatic adrenal hematoma. Eur Radiol. 2000;10:903–905
  46. McGehee M, Kier R, Cohn SM, et al. Comparison of MRI with postcontrast CT for the evaluation of acute abdominal trauma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1993;17:410–413
  47. Moore EE, Malangoni MA, Cogbill TH, et al. Organ injury scaling VII: cervical vascular, peripheral vascular, adrenal, penis, testis, and scrotum. J Trauma. 1996;41:523–524
  48. Szolar DHM, Kkoiber CS, Preidler KW. Computed tomography evaluation of adrenal masses. Curr Opin Urol. 1999;9:143–151
  49. Iuchtman M, Abudi Z, Yurman S, et al. Giant adrenal cyst in the newborn: perinatal diagnosis and management. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1994;4:122–124
  50. Pasciak RM, Cook WA. Massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage owing to a ruptured adrenal cyst. J Urol. 1988;139:98–100
  51. Wilms G, Marchal G, Maert A, et al. CT and ultrasound features of post-traumatic adrenal hemorrhage. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1987;11:112–125
  52. Itoh K, Yamashita K, Satoh Y, et al. MR imaging of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988;12:1054–1056
  53. Ryan SP, Gaisie G, Krill CE. Adrenal calcification: an incidental finding or not?. Pediatr Radiol. 1997;27:821–823
  54. Kawashima A, Sandler MC, Ernst DR, Takahashi N, Roubidoux AM, Goldman MS. Imaging of nontraumatic hemorrhage of the adrenal gland. RadioGraphics. 1999;19:949–963
  55. Chang TA, Chen CH, Liao MF, Chen CH. Asymptomatic neonatal adrenal hemorrhage. Clin Neonatal. 1998;5:23–26
  56. Akın MI, Tabel Y, Güngör S, Sığırcı A. Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage as a complication of traumatic vaginal delivery: diagnosis and follow-up with ultrasonography. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2008;15:109–111
  57. Akin MA, Coban D, Doganay S, Durak Z, Kurtoglu S. Intrahepatic and adrenal hemorrhage as a rare cause of neonatal anemia. J Perinat Med. 2011;39:353–354
  58. Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal cortex. Endocr Rev. 1990;11:151–176
  59. Abdu AT, Kriss VM, Bada HS, Reynolds EW. Adrenal hemorrhage in a newborn. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:553–557
  60. Scott EM, Thomas A, McGarrigle HH, Lachelin GC. Serial adrenal ultrasonography in normal neonates. J Ultrasound Med. 1990;9:279–283
  61. Bianchi H, Ferrari A. The arterial circulation of the left suprarenal gland. Surg Radiol Anat. 1991;13:113–116
  62. Giacoia GP, Cravens JD. Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage presenting as scrotal hematoma. J Urol. 1990;143:567–568
  63. Rumińska M, Welc-Dobies J, Lange M, Maciejewska J, Pyrzak B, Brzewski M. Adrenal haemorrhage in neonates: risk factors and diagnostic and clinical procedure. Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2008;12:457–462
  64. Stichnoth FA, Kehr S, Baumer K. Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography in the differential diagnosis of adrenal gland hemorrhage and neuroblastoma in a newborn infant. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1990;138:221–223
  65. Deeg HK, Bettendorf U, Hofmann V. Differential diagnosis of neonatal adrenal haemorrhage and congenital neuroblastoma by colour code Doppler sonography and power Doppler sonography. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:249–297
  66. Kellnar S, Deindl C, Trammer A. Differential "adrenal gland tumor-adrenal gland hemorrhage" diagnosis. A sonographic follow-up. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1989;137:347–349
  67. Hsieh CC, Chao AS, Hsu JJ, Chang YL, Lo LM. Real-time and power Doppler imaging of fetal adrenal hemorrhage. Chang Gung Med J. 2005;28:860–865
  68. Igwilo OC, Sulkowski RJ, Shah MR, et al. Embolization of traumatic adrenal hemorrhage. J Trauma. 1999;47:1153–1155
  69. Dine H, Simsek A, Ozyavuz R, et al. Endovascular treatment of massive retroperitoneal haemorrhage due to inferior adrenal artery injury. Acta Radiol. 2002;43:326–328
  70. Tixedor N, Lesnik A, Vernhet H, et al. Embolization treatment of a traumatic adrenal hemorrhage. J Radiol. 1999;80:733–735
  71. Velmahos GC, Chahwan S, Falabella A, et al. Angiographic embolization for intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal injuries. World J Surg. 2000;24:539–545

PII: S1015-9584(11)00007-8

doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2011.08.003

Asian Journal of Surgery
Volume 34, Issue 3 , Pages 103-110 , July 2011

Article Tools